The most common form of graffiti throughout Europe are those variously described as daisy wheels, hexafoil, or witches marks.

Seventeen graffiti in the shape of a heraldic shield are recorded, mostly on the piers of the nave arcades at kneeling height. They are probably among the earliest informal medieval designs.

The diverse alphanumeric corpus comprises thousands of names, dates, initials, letters and words. How can we begin to make sense of this enormous record?

Initials within a square border and architectural canopy or pitched roof are traditionally thought of as small and inexpensive replicas of the wall monuments appearing for the upper and middle classes - but is this the case?